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Monday 22 October 2012
[discussion_vu] Online Islamic Group about Islam Online Quran & Online Hadith 23 Oct 2012 (06 Zhu'al-Hijjah 1433)
..::VU-Pink::.. What is Esperanto?
Salam everybody,
Here it's detailed introduction of Esperanto language, pls. read it because this language is very useful for intercommunication around the world. Learn it and also be part of "Young Esperantists Association of Pakistan" -> http://www.facebook.com/yepak or for further info, mail to jepficejo@gmail.com
Hope, some of you will take interest in it and would love to enjoy to enter in a new way.
Keep learning!
Esperanto? What is that?
Esperanto was proposed in 1887 as a neutral international language by Dr. L. L. Zamenhof, an ophthalmologist living in the western part of the Russian Empire. His aim was to develop an easily accessible, regular language and try it out with colleagues, so that it might eventually be introduced as an international second language for everybody. Zamenhof considered a neutral language, one that would belong to all equally, to be not only a practical matter, but a way to resolve conflicts and promote peace as well.
Esperanto has achieved one initial breakthrough: it has become a living language that spans generations and which tens of thousands throughout the world know. Some of them have joined organised groups. The Universal Esperanto Association (UEA = Universala Esperanto-Asocio) has members in 114 countries. The smaller World Anational Association (SAT = Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda) has around 1000 members. It is a meeting-place for left-wing (mainly socialist, anarchist and antinationalist), trade-unionist and ecologically active Esperanto speakers. Esperanto continuously demonstrates its viability. It provides many practical services to its speakers.
Democratic Communication on a World Scale
The world dominance of just a few languages derives primarily from the power of the states that use them. Members of non-privileged linguistic communities communicate "uphill" internationally – to the extent they have a command of one or more hegemonistic languages. Those that don't know any "major" language are for the most part excluded from international communication.
International use of just a few national languages distorts cultural exchanges and skews the flow of information in favour of the economic, political and opinion-making elites in the linguistically privileged countries. An easier-to-learn and neutral language could create more equity and balance.
Some people are fatalistic about the language problem and some profit from it, because their personal command of foreign languages is a career asset or a source of prestige. But it is especially the ruling classes of many countries that have every reason to maintain the status quo. It is very much in their interest that the working masses and generally most of society remain monolingual or have only limited proficiency in foreign languages, because that way they have less direct access to opinions and information from abroad that haven't passed through the filter of the domestic mass media that are dominated by those ruling classes, just as they have less direct exchange with their social counterparts in foreign countries. "Globalisation from below", a concept frequently brought up lately and a response to relentless capitalist globalisation from above, can only be put into practice by people who can talk to each other.
Esperanto is egalitarian. It was meant to enable broad strata of society in all countries to communicate directly – over and beyond linguistic and political boundaries. English, thought by many to be the de facto world language, fails to do this job even in the small group of comparatively wealthy nations with developed systems of public education. Even though power is and will remain for the time being in the hands of those naturally hostile to the general introduction of Esperanto, practical experience shows that Esperanto even today enables some of the linguistically disadvantaged to become bilingual, and that it is a means by which all can engage in equitable communication across language boundaries.
A Functioning Language
Esperanto can be learned in around a third of the time needed to learn the most commonly studied foreign languages. It is written phonemically (one sound = one letter) and has a very regular grammar. Its phonology is as international as possible. Spoken Esperanto sounds a little like Spanish or Italian.
Esperanto is an agglutinating language, in which a large amount of vocabulary is compounded from smaller elements. This reduces the number of lexical elements that need to be learned separately. Items of vocabulary were selected in accordance with the principle of maximum international familiarity.
A language suited to all purposes can only develop in a collective process. For almost 100 years congresses and informal meetings have been held, at which Esperanto is spoken. There are tens of thousands of books and several hundred regularly published, albeit often small periodicals in Esperanto. Esperanto frequently becomes the everyday family language for couples of different origin (and their children).
Esperanto evolves just as other languages do – by borrowing lexical items and forging new vocabulary from its own resources, yet it does not lose its relative simplicity and regularity.
Where Is Esperanto Going?
The community of speakers in Europe is stable, while it has grown substantially over the last few decades in some areas outside of Europe (China, Iran, Africa). Esperanto has received a greater measure of official recognition than is commonly known, though not nearly enough to have it introduced throughout the world as a universally used second language. In 1954 a UNESCO resolution acknowledged "the results attained by Esperanto in the field of international intellectual relations and in the rapprochement of the peoples of the world". The Universal Esperanto Association collaborates with other non-governmental organisations in a number of UNESCO working groups. That organisation even recommended in 1985 that the language problem and Esperanto be given more attention in schools and universities of the member-states.
In some countries Esperanto is allowed as an elective subject in schools. The University of Budapest has an Esperanto department, and other universities offer courses in and about Esperanto. Local authorities in a few countries publish tourist and other information in Esperanto, while international broadcasting services in several countries broadcast daily or weekly Esperanto programs on short-wave and by satellite.
The increasingly dense network of world communication, along with capitalist globalisation, are creating an increasing challenge to the working class as time goes on – the challenge of deliberately fomenting globalisation from below. Esperanto is well-suited to providing people initial – and extendable – proficiency in a foreign language. Its community of users constitutes a milieu, in which questions relating to language politics are constantly reflected. In these ways Esperanto makes its contribution toward the necessary improvement of the linguistic culture of underprivileged strata of society. Regardless of the uncertainty of Esperanto ever being pushed through politically, as a language it has for many decades proved viable and capable of continuously attracting new users.
Many Put Esperanto to Practical Use
Many have made world-wide contacts through Esperanto in return for a modest investment of time to learn it. Some become active in organisations. Most Esperanto-speakers emphasise the practical aspects more than the political: they use their language skills on vacation trips, by contacting acquaintances or making new contacts through one of the address books such as the popular Pasporta Servo, which contains the addresses of 1364 people in 89 countries who are willing to lodge travelling or vacationing Esperanto-speakers for a limited time. There are dozens of international meetings, conferences and recreational activities the year round, often dealing with social, political and cultural questions of current interest.
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[discussion_vu] Solutions of MGT402 and MGT503 GDB Graded Discussion Board NO.1 For Semester Fall 2012
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[discussion_vu] Check out "Attempting GDBs/ Assignments and Getting Zero or Low Marks" on Virtual University of Pakistan
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[~>VU-P!nD!<~] Attempting GDBs/ Assignments and Getting Zero or Low Marks
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[~>VU-P!nD!<~] ADVICE: The Gifts of Hajj are Available to All
Those whose light is complete will no doubt be in his company (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) "...on the day when Allah will not humble the Prophet and the believers along with him; their light will be running ahead of them and on their right..." [Al-Tahrim, 66:8]
Ask to be present with them, and thank Allah for allowing our spirits to be with them. So many hearts in the far East or the far West receive the gifts of `Arafat and Mina because of their truthfulness with Allah.
..:: Actions that carry the reward of Hajj ::..
Nothing of course can equal actually performing the Hajj and worshipping Allah in those blessed places. However, since Allah knows that many people long to make Hajj every year but are unable to do so out of His generosity He made the reward for certain actions similar to the reward of a supererogatory Hajj.
1. Remembering Allah from Fajr until Ishraq: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: “Whoever who prays Subh (Fajr) in congregation and then sits in the place where he prayed remembering Allah until the sun rises and then prays two rakats has the reward of a complete Hajj and `Umrah.” He repeated “complete” three times. [Narrated by al-Tirmidhi]
2. Attending a gathering of knowledge: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: “The one who goes out to the mosque wanting only to learn good or teach it has the reward of a complete Hajj.” [Narrated by al-Tabarani]
3. Going to the mosque for the congregational prayer: The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: “Whoever performs ablution in his house and then goes out to perform the obligatory prayer in the mosque has a reward similar to the reward of a Hajj pilgrim. Whoever goes out to perform the mid-morning prayer (Duha) has a reward similar to the reward of the one performing `Umrah.”
4. Reciting dhikr after the five daily prayers: Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) narrated that a group of destitute people came to the Prophet, SallAllahu Alayhi wa Sallam (may Allaah exalt his mention), and said, “O Messenger of Allah, the wealthy people will have higher grades and will have permanent enjoyment in high levels in Paradise. They pray like us and fast as we do, but they have more money by which they perform the Hajj, ‘Umrah, participate in Jihaad and give in charity.” The Prophet, SallAllahu Alayhi wa Sallam (may Allaah exalt his mention), replied: “Shall I not tell you something upon which if you acted you would catch up with those who have surpassed you? Nobody would surpass you and you would be better than the people amongst whom you live except those who would do the same. Say ‘Subhan Allah’, ‘alHamdu Lillaah’ and ‘Allahu Akbar’ thirty-three times each after every (compulsory) prayer.’" [Sahih al-Bukhari]
6. Performing I’itikaf for ten days in the month of Ramadan: Imam Bayhaqi has reported on the authority of Hadrat Imam Hussain that the Messenger of Allah has stated, “whosoever performs I’itikaf for ten days in the month of Ramadan, it is as though he has performed two ‘Umrah (lesser pilgrimage) and two Hajj (greater pilgrimage).”
7. Performing the Friday Prayer: Sayyiduna Sa`id bin al-Musayyib said performing the Friday Prayer is “more beloved to me than a supererogatory Hajj.”
8. Performing the Eid Prayer: Ibn Rajab (may Allah have mercy upon him) narrated that the Companion Sayyiduna Mikhnaf ibn Sulaym (may Allaah be pleased with him) said, “The reward for attending ‘Eid Al-Fitr prayer is equal to the reward of performing ‘Umrah and the reward for attending ‘Eid Al-Ad'ha Prayer is equal to that of performing Hajj.”
10. Being good to your parents: The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) commanded one of the Companions to be good to his mother. If you do so, he said: “You are a Hajj pilgrim, a person performing `Umrah and someone striving for the sake of Allah (mujahid).”
11. Abandoning sins and prohibitions: Some of our righteous predecessors said, “Giving up a misdeed that Allah The Exalted abhors is dearer to me than performing Hajj 500 times.”
12. Performing obligatory actions: The slave can only draw near to Allah by performing supererogatory actions after first having performed that which is obligatory. This includes purifying one’s heart from forbidden attributes and guarding one’s tongue and limbs from committing forbidden actions. All of this is much harder on the lower self than many supererogatory acts of worship.
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