Oct. 16. 2011.
Duplicate of 64 points of Bukhari
http://issmstudents.wordpress.com/2010/04/18/imam-bukharis-criteria-of-preserving-hadith/
Imam Bukhari's Criteria for Preserving Hadith ( In preserving Hadith the principles of authenticity of Hadith may not apply & in Criteria of The principles Authentication of hadith, Classification and verification of 'Isnad & Matn will apply)
April 18, 2010
By Saiful Islam
Islam has the unique attribute of preserving the sayings of the Prophet in an ultra-refined science. The Hadith act as the secondary source of guidance for Muslims and are an intrinsic part of our Islamic understanding (Fiqh). Without Hadith, the intrinsic preservation and development of principles (Usuls) to protect the Hadith, Islam would have failed to flourish as it has done over the past 1400 years and instead would have headed into infinte and dark abyss of reformations and "enlightenments" developed by the flawed cognitions of mankind.
To truly grasp the extremely high levels of rigorousness in preserving Hadith, one would have to spend several years traditionally sitting at the feet of the scholars and studying day and night the mountainous science of Hadith.
However for a taster the quote below about incident with the great Muhaddith, the scholar, and the author of the most authentic Hadith collection, Imam Muhammad bin Ismaeel al-Bukhari. A man who developed a yearning to learn Hadith went to the great Imam al-Bukhari (May Allah have mercy on him) and explained to him his intentions. Imam al-Bukhari thus advised:
"Son, before you set out to pursue any field, make sure you are well-grounded with its prerequisites and demands. And remember that a person cannot become a perfect scholar in the science of Hadith [muhaddith] until and unless he writes four things with four other things, which are indispensable as four things, which resemble four other things. (He must write these things) in four times, with four conditions, in four places, upon four things, from four types of people, and for four objectives. All of these four-angled things can only be achieved with four things coupled with another four things. Once all of these things have been achieved, four things will become insignificant for him and he will be tried with four other things. If he exercises patience in these four trials, Allah will honour will with four things in this world and award him four things in the hereafter."
He then proceeded to explain these four-angled things:
"The four things he has to write are:
[1] (1) the statements and commands of Allah's Messenger .
[2] (2) the saying of the Companions RA and their relative ranks
[3] (3) the sayings of the Followers RA and their ranks (i.e. who among them are reliable and who are not), and
[4] (4) the conditions of all the narrators who narrate hadiths.
These (four pieces of information) must be written together with the following four things:
[5] (1) the actual names of the narrators
[6] (2) their appelations or titles (kuna)
[7] (3) their places of residence, and
[8] (4) their dates of birth and death (to determine whether the narrator actually met the people he has narrated from).
(These are indispensable to him) just (as four things are necessary with four other things:)
(This means these are not the principles of authentication of hadith but are meant to explain the importance of hadith)
[9] (1) as praises [tahmid] of Allah (are necessary) with the khutba,
[10] (2) as salutations [salawat], (are necessary) with mention of the name of Allah's Messenger.
[11] (3) as (the recitation of) bismillah (is necessary) with a sura (of the Qur'an), and
[12] (4) as the takbir (is necessary) with the salat.
These resemble four other things (which are names of four categories of hadith)
(This not principles of verification of Authenticity of a Hadith. This is Classifications of Hadith types. )
[13] (1) the musnadat [narrations traceable to the Messenger]
[14] (2) the mursalat [narrations transmitted by a Follower from the Messenger directly without a Companion in between,
[15] (3) the mawqufat [narrations from traceable only to a Companion],
[16] (4) the maqtu'at [narrations traceable only to a Follower].
The further classifications is missing which are:
MAIN DIVISIONS OF THE HADITH:
The scholars of the Hadith literature have divided the Traditions into three categories according to the degree of their reliability. These categories were based on:
1 The perfection or imperfection of the chain of their transmitters.
2 The freedom of the texts from any defects.
3 Acceptance of any Hadith by the Sahabah r.a., their followers (At-Ta'bi'un) and their sucessors (At-Tab' baat-Ta'bi' un)
1) As-Sahih: The Authentic Hadit:
The True: This name is given to the absolutely correct Hadith, in which there is no weakness. Both, its chain of transmission ('Al-Isnad) and the text (Al-Matn) are sound and its text does not contradict any established belief of Islam. Thus, there are four characteristics of Al-Hadith As-Sahih:
1) Its chain of transmitters is continuous i.e., there is no missing person anywhere in the chain.
2) Every transmitter possessed the quilities of 'Adl (righteous conduct) and Dabt (strong memory)
3) It should not be an isolated one.
4) It has no hidden defect.
2. Al-Hasan:
The Good. It is like As-sahih Traditon, except for the fact that some of its narrators have been found to have a weaker memory in comparison to the narrators of Sahih 'Ahadith.
3. Ad-Da'if:
The weak. This refers to that Tradition in which there is some problem in either the chain of transmission, in proper understanding of the transmitter or in contents, which may be in disagreement with Islamic beliefs and practices.
Ad-Da'if Traditions are further divided according to the degree of problems with their reporters (ruwait) or in the text (Al-Matn) of the reporters.
A few of these divisions are as follows:
i) Al-Mursal: A Hadith in which a Tabi i transmits from Rasulullah pbuh directly, dropping the Sahabi from the Isnad
ii)
A Hadith in which a Tabi'i transmits from Rasulullah pbuh directly, dropping the Sahabi from Isnad.
iii) Al-Munqati':
A Hadith going back to the Tabi'I only.
iv) Al-Mu'dal:
A Hadith in which two continuous narrators are missing in one or more places in the Isnad.
v) Al-Mu'allaq:
A Hadith in which one or two transmitters are omitted in the beginning of the Isnad.
Ahadith were also divided according to Al-Isnad, the number of narrators:
a) Al-Mutwatir: The Continuous:
A Hadith reported by large number of people at different times, that makes it impossible for any falsehood to enter it. This would make agreement upon a lie unthinkable. This condition must be met in the entire chain from its source to its end.
b) Al-Mashhur: Popular:
These are the 'Ahadith which were originally narrated in the first generation by two to four narrators. Later, on their authority, these were narrated by several narrators.
c) Al-'Ahad: One Chain of Isnad:
A Hadith which is narrated in first three generations by one to four narrators.
d) Al-Mawdu: The Fabricated:
A false Hadith, made up by some misguided people. This calss of 'Ahadith have been carefully uncovered by our learned Islamic scholars in the past. They have no place in true and authentic 'Ahadith collections.
(These things must all be written ) in four times: (These are not the PRINCIPLES of authentication of a hadith: These are advise to the pupil to who aspires to become Shaikh-ul-Hadith.)
[17] (1) in his childhood
[18] (2) in his age of discernment (i.e. close to maturity),
[19] (3) in his youth, and
[20] (4) in his old age.
(In other words, he must continue acquiring hadiths at all times throughout every stage of his life. They must be written) under four conditions:
[21] (1) while his is occupied,
[22] (2) while he is free,
[23] (3) in his poverty, and
[24] (4) in his affluence.
(In other words, he must diligently pursue the knowledge of these things no matter what his circumstances maybe. This is done) at four places:
[25] (1) in mountainous terrain,
[26] (2) on the seas,
[27] (3) in cities, and
[28] (4) and in rural areas.
(In other words, he must endeavor to acquire the science from the right teacher, no matter where that teacher is located. He writes what he has acquired) Upon four things:
[29] (1) upon stones,
[30] (2) upon shells,
[31] (3) upon skins, and
[32] (4) and upon bones.
(In other words, even when he does not find paper he will continue recording it somewhere) until he finds the paper upon which to preserve. (He acquires it from four different types of people:)
[33] (1) from his seniors, ( These are the principles to acquire knowledge of Ahadith NOT PRINCIPLES to authenticate a Hadith)
[34] (2) from his juniors,
[35] (3) from his counterparts, and
[36] (4) from the books of his father, provided he has firm conviction that these are his fathers books.
(In other words, he endeavors to acquire this science in everyway possible without feeling ashamed to obtain it even from his juniors. He has four objectives for doing all these things:)
[37] (1) to acquire (this science) solely for the pleasure of Allah ,
[38] (2) to practice upon the Hadiths which conform to the verse of the Holy Qur'an,
[39] (3) to propogate (the science) to those who seek it, and
[40] (4) to write it out so that it can be a source of guidance to those who will come after him.
Thereafter, the aforementioned four things cannot be acquired (unless he has first acquired) four other things part of human acquisition:
[41] (1) the knowledge of how to read and write,
[42] (2) lexicography and vocabulary,
[43] (3) morphology, and
[44] (4) syntax,
together with four other things that are not of human acquisition, but are bestowed by Allah :
[45] (1) sound health, ( Is gift of Allah s.w.t )
[46] (2) ability, (Is gift of Allah s.w.t.)
[47] (3) an ardent desire for learning, and
[48] (4) a retentive memory.
( The following whole is a piece of advice – These are not principles of authentication of hadith)
Once all of the aforementioned four-angles things are attained by him, then four things will become insignificant before him:
[49] (1) his family,
[50] (2) his children,
[51] (3) his wealth, and
[52] (4) his native land.
He will then be afflicted with four things:
[53] (1) his enemies will rejoice at his distress,
[54] (2) his friends will reproach him,
[55] (3) the ignorant will taunt him, and
[56] (4) the scholars [Ulama] will be jealous of him.
Once he exercises patience in these calamities, Allah will honour him with four things in this world:
[57] (1) the honour of contentment [qana'a]
[58] (2) conviction coupled with awe and dignity,
[59] (3) the pleasure of sacred knowledge [ilm], and
[60] (4) eternal life.
(On top of that,) Allah will honour him with four things in the hereafter:
[61] (1) the honour of intercession on behalf of whomever he pleases,
[62] (2) the shade of the throne of Allah on the day there will be no shade available except of the shade of His throne,
[63] (3) the privilege to provide water to whomsoever he pleases from the pool of Muhammad SAW [al-Kawthar], and
[64] (4) close proximity with the Prophets [Ambiya'] in the Highest of the High Places [a'la 'illiyin].
So now, my son, I have told you whatever I have heard from teachers [masha'ikh]. Now you have the choice to either pursue this field or to abstain from it.""
[Excerpted from: Shaykh al-Hadith Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi (2004) Ikhtilaf al-a'imma [The Differences of the Imams], (California: White Thread Press) p.51-55]
It is worthy of note that the Ulama state the science of Hadith is even more complex than how Imam -al-Bukhari describes.
May Allah have Mercy upon the scholars who have intricately preserved the blessed sayings of the Prophet and his Companions Radhialla'anhum. May Allah protect us from doubt in our Iman after He has granted us certainty in it. Ameen.
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